The emergence of intellectual groups in Iran AND its aftermath, the beginning of intellectual movement with the aim of modernization as its goal, is related to the threshold of Constitution. INTELLECTUALS had an important historical role at the era of Constitution until the epoch of the first Pahlavi. They were pioneers of modernity AND modernization in the country. The SOCIAL AND mind origin of those INTELLECTUALS AND the concepts AND issues they were involved are the basic subjects of historical sociology AND one of the basic debate in the realm of Sociology of INTELLECTUALS in Iran. The identity of these INTELLECTUALS AND the nature of their SOCIAL AND POLITICAL thoughts, the issue that how they perform their SOCIAL AND historical roles, their SOCIAL status AND their relationships with people AND state are the basic objects in this research. The methodology of research is analytical AND critical approach by using Meta analysis AND historical method this way we use Weberian approach in historical events AND reconstruction them; also the views of other thinkers like Parsons, Gramsic, Mannheim AND so on about the SOCIAL roles of INTELLECTUALS have been used. The basic aim of this research is sociological explanation of SOCIAL AND POLITICAL role of INTELLECTUALS in the Constitution era AND the epoch of the firs Pahlavi period AND search of response for this question that: "Why INTELLECTUALS protect their influentioal SOCIAL AND POLITICAL situations. To answer this question, some assumptions have presented AND been studies. The results of the research show that some Iranian INTELLECTUALS in the constitution era by adopting reductionism (to reduce modern concepts to traditional one) AND some others by taking French Enlightenment pattern which was followed by violence strategy cause to disappear their influential SOCIAL AND POLITICAL situations in society. Also the eroded structure of society AND it's dominated traditional culture AND destructive role of traditional culture's protectors AND absolutely minority of educated strata AND middle class were effective on degradation of INTELLECTUALS role at this historical epoch; AND in addition, in the period of the first Pahlavi, the adapting of "imperative development" strategy as a progress strategy for Iran AND POLITICAL closure that Reza Shah had imposed to the society are two other important factors that cause to disappear the influential SOCIAL AND POLITICAL of INTELLECTUALS in Iran.

The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, AND as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘SOCIAL institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions AND decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of POLITICAL power; but Popper did not discuss the structure AND inter-relations of the SOCIAL institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open AND closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority AND leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical AND rational approach AND his insistence on openness AND intellectual honesty are still important today.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects AND consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral AND SOCIAL effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials AND Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) AND articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID AND Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 AND with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals AND SOCIAL capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners AND reforming them, provides better implementation of SOCIAL justice AND improvement of public trust, emotional AND financial support for the families of criminals

Our analysis of Popper’s philosophy of science focuses on his concepts of tradition AND situational analysis. These concepts represent innovative Popperian contributions to a historical AND hermeneutical turn in philosophy of science that most of his critics, especially Kuhn, fail to recognize. According to his historical view, Popper conceives sciences as a complex of traditions in continuous transformation AND progress by means of rational discussion of theories. In order to grasp the rational progress of scientific traditions, Popper proposes an original method that he calls “situational analysis”. This hermeneutical method seeks to understAND the concepts, hypotheses, actions, practices, controversies AND products that scientists made to solve problems in their specific historical contexts to improve the truth content of theories. In addition to his historical AND hermeneutical turn, Popper also inquired about the SOCIAL AND POLITICAL conditions for the progress of scientific traditions by means of intersubjective criticism of theories AND conjectures. According to him, the rational discussion of ideas requires, as necessary conditions, plurality of ideas, intellectual humility, AND freedom of thought AND communication that can only exist in an open AND democratic society. With these considerations, we may say that in addition to a historical AND hermeneutical turn, Popper also contributed to a SOCIAL AND POLITICAL turn in the philosophy of science

The primary objective of this article is to elucidate that a comprehensive understANDing of Greek POLITICAL thought necessitates an examination of its origins in Ancient Greece. Traditional scholarship in Greek POLITICAL thought has typically assumed that it originated concurrently with philosophy AND the establishment of the polis. In this research, drawing upon the visions of Eric Voegelin AND Leo Strauss, we endeavor to establish a refined definition of POLITICAL thought while challenging the aforementioned conventional assumption. It is argued that POLITICAL reflection remains intimately intertwined with the theological-mythological beginning of thought in Greece. This theological-mythological mode of thinking initially found expression in the works of Homer AND Hesiod, with these poets serving as the foremost intellectual authorities AND initial educators of the Greeks. The Greeks, in their self-perception, viewed themselves through a lens of religion AND in the mirror of gods AND divine forces. Consequently, any exploration into Greek POLITICAL thought must acknowledge the works of these poets as the seminal intellectual foundations of Greek thought. It is imperative to recognize that POLITICAL thought in Ancient Greece did not commence with philosophy or the emergence of the polis, but rather with poetry AND a distinct form of religious-mythical experience, namely theologia-muthologia.

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics AND values, as well as the rights AND dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees AND fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership AND cooperative SOCIAL responsibility AND the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose AND descriptive AND correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management AND Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple rANDom sampling method. A stANDard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ethical leadership has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility AND ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their SOCIAL responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate AND align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction AND collaborative responsibility AND leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan AND to identify the impact of SOCIAL capital AND its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive AND survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample AND were selected AND studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method AND its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of SOCIAL capital (α = 0.879) AND housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between SOCIAL capital AND its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable AND its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between SOCIAL capital AND the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source AND destination of all human life; AND man leaves it for work AND SOCIAL activity, AND after doing it AND gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad AND complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services AND facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various SOCIAL, cultural AND historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, SOCIAL, indigenous AND cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown AND are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially SOCIAL housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life AND habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension AND consequently a small increase in the construction AND architecture of residential complexes AND other dimensions of sustainable development, including SOCIAL, cultural, physical AND The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it AND in a wider area with the region AND the world; it creates problems for the city AND its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination AND compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development AND the need to create AND expAND SOCIAL capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research AND the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster rANDom sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters AND homogeneous groups AND then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors AND specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results AND discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the SOCIAL capital index is not desirable. The average of SOCIAL capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of SOCIAL capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability AND SOCIAL capital. AND the order of the effect of SOCIAL capital variable on the dimensions of economic, SOCIAL, physical AND environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the SOCIAL interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent SOCIAL interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing AND its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing AND the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography AND customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of SOCIAL factors or in other words SOCIAL capital cannot be ignored; Because SOCIAL capital is rooted in the structure AND SOCIAL norms of society AND is generally a combination of trust, communication network, SOCIAL norms AND SOCIAL relations at the individual AND community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the SOCIAL capital of residents AND the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the SOCIAL capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective AND reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene AND cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green AND ... will interact AND participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In this paper, I address the issue of the possible applicability of the ideas of Karl R. Popper’s SOCIAL AND POLITICAL philosophy in the contemporary POLITICAL life of postcolonial countries. Through reference to the reception of Popper’s philosophy in Central AND Eastern Europe, I argue that Popper’s writings were effective in catalysing the POLITICAL wholesale transformation by undermining Marxists’ pretensions to scientific status rather than through his anti-utopian AND anti-revolutionary POLITICAL recommendations. In the context of attempts to apply Popper’s ideas in postcolonial countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, I claim that the influence of Popper’s SOCIAL thought on the politics of those countries may not be as effective as expected or desired.

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, AND contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize SOCIAL relations in mobile SOCIAL networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, AND broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability distribution functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on distributions. A lot of works apply the distribution of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing applications, it causes to use of the distribution of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data distribution AND to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, AND DR about 3.5-times, 30%, AND 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% AND 6%, AND average latency about 6% AND 8% better than that of DR AND TCCB, respectively.